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TEST DEVELOPERS
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TEST USERS
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Test developers should provide the information and supporting
evidence that test users need to select appropriate tests.
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Test users should
select tests that meet the intended purpose and that are appropriate for the
intended test takers.
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A-1. Provide evidence
of what the test measures, the recommended uses, the intended test takers,
and the strengths and limitations of the test, including the level of
precision of the test scores.
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A-1. Define the
purpose for testing, the content and skills to be tested, and the intended
test takers. Select and use the most appropriate test based on a thorough
review of available information.
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A-2. Describe how the
content and skills to be tested were selected and how the tests were
developed.
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A-2. Review and select
tests based on the appropriateness of test content, skills tested, and
content coverage for the intended purpose of testing.
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A-3. Communicate
information about a test's characteristics at a level of detail appropriate
to the intended test users.
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A-3. Review materials
provided by test developers and select tests for which clear, accurate, and
complete information is provided.
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A-4. Provide guidance
on the levels of skills, knowledge, and training necessary for appropriate
review, selection, and administration of tests.
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A-4. Select tests
through a process that includes persons with appropriate knowledge, skills,
and training.
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A-5. Provide evidence
that the technical quality, including reliability and validity, of the test
meets its intended purposes.
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A-5. Evaluate evidence
of the technical quality of the test provided by the test developer and any
independent reviewers.
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A-6. Provide to
qualified test users representative samples of test questions or practice
tests, directions, answer sheets, manuals, and score reports.
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A-6. Evaluate
representative samples of test questions or practice tests, directions,
answer sheets, manuals, and score reports before selecting a test.
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A-7. Avoid potentially
offensive content or language when developing test questions and related
materials.
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A-7. Evaluate
procedures and materials used by test developers, as well as the resulting
test, to ensure that potentially offensive content or language is avoided.
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A-8. Make
appropriately modified forms of tests or administration procedures available
for test takers with disabilities who need special accommodations.
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A-8. Select tests with
appropriately modified forms or administration procedures for test takers
with disabilities who need special accommodations.
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A-9. Obtain and
provide evidence on the performance of test takers of diverse subgroups,
making significant efforts to obtain sample sizes that are adequate for
subgroup analyses. Evaluate the evidence to ensure that differences in
performance are related to the skills being assessed.
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A-9. Evaluate the
available evidence on the performance of test takers of diverse subgroups.
Determine to the extent feasible which performance differences may have been
caused by factors unrelated to the skills being assessed.
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TEST DEVELOPERS
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TEST USERS
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Test developers should
explain how to administer and score tests correctly and fairly.
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Test users should
administer and score tests correctly and fairly.
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B-1. Provide clear
descriptions of detailed procedures for administering tests in a standardized
manner.
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B-1. Follow
established procedures for administering tests in a standardized manner.
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B-2. Provide
guidelines on reasonable procedures for assessing persons with disabilities
who need special accommodations or those with diverse linguistic backgrounds.
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B-2. Provide and
document appropriate procedures for test takers with disabilities who need
special accommodations or those with diverse linguistic backgrounds. Some
accommodations may be required by law or regulation.
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B-3. Provide
information to test takers or test users on test question formats and
procedures for answering test questions, including information on the use of
any needed materials and equipment.
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B-3. Provide test
takers with an opportunity to become familiar with test question formats and
any materials or equipment that may be used during testing.
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B-4. Establish and
implement procedures to ensure the security of testing materials during all
phases of test development, administration, scoring, and reporting.
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B-4. Protect the
security of test materials, including respecting copyrights and eliminating
opportunities for test takers to obtain scores by fraudulent means.
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B-5. Provide
procedures, materials and guidelines for scoring the tests, and for
monitoring the accuracy of the scoring process. If scoring the test is the
responsibility of the test developer, provide adequate training for scorers.
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B-5. If test scoring
is the responsibility of the test user, provide adequate training to scorers
and ensure and monitor the accuracy of the scoring process.
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B-6. Correct errors
that affect the interpretation of the scores and communicate the corrected
results promptly.
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B-6. Correct errors
that affect the interpretation of the scores and communicate the corrected
results promptly.
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B-7. Develop and
implement procedures for ensuring the confidentiality of scores.
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B-7. Develop and
implement procedures for ensuring the confidentiality of scores.
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TEST DEVELOPERS
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TEST USERS
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Test developers should
report test results accurately and provide information to help test users
interpret test results correctly.
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Test users should
report and interpret test results accurately and clearly.
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C-1. Provide
information to support recommended interpretations of the results, including
the nature of the content, norms or comparison groups, and other technical
evidence. Advise test users of the benefits and limitations of test results
and their interpretation. Warn against assigning greater precision than is
warranted.
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C-1. Interpret the
meaning of the test results, taking into account the nature of the content,
norms or comparison groups, other technical evidence, and benefits and
limitations of test results.
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C-2. Provide guidance
regarding the interpretations of results for tests administered with
modifications. Inform test users of potential problems in interpreting test
results when tests or test administration procedures are modified.
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C-2. Interpret test
results from modified test or test administration procedures in view of the
impact those modifications may have had on test results.
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C-3. Specify
appropriate uses of test results and warn test users of potential misuses.
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C-3. Avoid using tests
for purposes other than those recommended by the test developer unless there
is evidence to support the intended use or interpretation.
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C-4. When test
developers set standards, provide the rationale, procedures, and evidence for
setting performance standards or passing scores. Avoid using stigmatizing
labels.
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C-4. Review the
procedures for setting performance standards or passing scores. Avoid using
stigmatizing labels.
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C-5. Encourage test
users to base decisions about test takers on multiple sources of appropriate
information, not on a single test score.
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C-5. Avoid using a
single test score as the sole determinant of decisions about test takers.
Interpret test scores in conjunction with other information about
individuals.
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C-6. Provide
information to enable test users to accurately interpret and report test
results for groups of test takers, including information about who were and
who were not included in the different groups being compared, and information
about factors that might influence the interpretation of results.
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C-6. State the
intended interpretation and use of test results for groups of test takers.
Avoid grouping test results for purposes not specifically recommended by the
test developer unless evidence is obtained to support the intended use.
Report procedures that were followed in determining who were and who were not
included in the groups being compared and describe factors that might
influence the interpretation of results.
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C-7. Provide test
results in a timely fashion and in a manner that is understood by the test
taker.
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C-7. Communicate test
results in a timely fashion and in a manner that is understood by the test
taker.
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C-8. Provide guidance
to test users about how to monitor the extent to which the test is fulfilling
its intended purposes.
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C-8. Develop and
implement procedures for monitoring test use, including consistency with the
intended purposes of the test.
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Under some circumstances,
test developers have direct communication with the test takers and/or control
of the tests, testing process, and test results. In other circumstances the
test users have these responsibilities.
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Test developers or
test users should inform test takers about the nature of the test, test taker
rights and responsibilities, the appropriate use of scores, and procedures
for resolving challenges to scores.
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D-1. Inform test
takers in advance of the test administration about the coverage of the test,
the types of question formats, the directions, and appropriate test-taking
strategies. Make such information available to all test takers.
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D-2. When a test is
optional, provide test takers or their parents/guardians with information to
help them judge whether a test should be taken—including indications of any
consequences that may result from not taking the test (e.g., not being
eligible to compete for a particular scholarship) —and whether there is an
available alternative to the test.
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D-3. Provide test
takers or their parents/guardians with information about rights test takers
may have to obtain copies of tests and completed answer sheets, to retake
tests, to have tests rescored, or to have scores declared invalid.
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D-4. Provide test
takers or their parents/guardians with information about responsibilities
test takers have, such as being aware of the intended purpose and uses of the
test, performing at capacity, following directions, and not disclosing test
items or interfering with other test takers.
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D-5. Inform test
takers or their parents/guardians how long scores will be kept on file and
indicate to whom, under what circumstances, and in what manner test scores
and related information will or will not be released. Protect test scores
from unauthorized release and access.
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D-6. Describe
procedures for investigating and resolving circumstances that might result in
canceling or withholding scores, such as failure to adhere to specified
testing procedures.
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D-7. Describe
procedures that test takers, parents/guardians, and other interested parties
may use to obtain more information about the test, register complaints, and
have problems resolved.
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CODE OF FAIR TESTING PRACTICES IN EDUCATION
Prepared by the Joint Committee on Testing Practices 
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